The global partnership for sustainable development

This paper examines whether foreign aid, together with other economic, social and environmental factors, contributes to sustainable development. It starts with an illustrative theoretical growth model where foreign aid promotes sustainable development by protecting the environment. Using factor analysis and newly developed estimation methods for a dynamic panel data model with endogenous regressors, the empirical section of the paper finds evidence that foreign aid has had a significantly positive influence on sustainable development in aid recipient countries. This effect is very likely to go through channels related to growth and resources as well as a technology channel with respect to energy intensity. This research has important implications for a post‐2015 development framework on international collective action with regard to a sustainable future.     

The water vulnerability of metro and megacities: An investigation of structural determinants

Urban areas are becoming increasingly subject to and vulnerable to water‐related natural disasters. Urban areas are a kind of socio‐ecological system wherein the human development dynamics co‐evolve with the natural dynamics. Most of the literature is focused on the impact of natural disasters on human development; we evaluate the impacts of human development on natural disasters and present an analysis of this phenomenon in the context of megacities. The approach is exploratory and begins with the construction of a database on the 595 existing megacities in the world. Multifactor analysis is then used to determine the main characteristics of these megacities. Finally, three structural components (maturity, anthropization and centrality) are identified and then correlated with data on water‐related hazards, distinguishing groups of cities according to their structure and factors of vulnerability to water‐related risks.     

基于AHP法的大盘山国家级自然保护区生态质量评价研究

大盘山保护区是目前中国唯一以野生药用植物种质资源及其生境为核心保护对象的国家级自然保护区.根据保护区类型和自然保护区生态评价指标体系,以生物多样性保护、景观生态改善、科研教育价值、生态旅游价值作为准则层,选择多样性、稀有性、脆弱性、自然性、典型性、面积适宜性、人类干扰作为评价层指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)进行保护区自然生态评价.评价结果:综合评价指数达0.778 4,说明大盘山保护区目前整体生态质量较好,保护价值较高,属于优先保护区域.     

The evolution of socio-ecological systems: changing palm species management in the Colombian Amazon as an indicator of ecological and institutional change

We investigate natural resource governance in three indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon. We base our analysis on an evolutionary governance model in which governance dimensions emerge as relevant through time. The less accessible of the communities represents earlier steps in governance evolution, while the more physically accessible is more integrated into the western scene. We observe how increased physical accessibility in a community brings in western governance models which hybridize with more traditional ones, influencing the couplings between the social and ecological systems. We zoom in on changing management of three commonly used palm species and illustrate how detailed studies of natural resource management contribute to understanding governance evolution. By comparing governance evolutions we were able to gain insights and improve our understanding on how natural resource management changes in communities transiting into western ways of living. In doing so we recognized points of rigidity and flexibility which might influence the social ecological systems capacity to adapt to changing conditions.     

临沧孟定镇天然橡胶加工业对环境的污染及防治措施

根据临沧市孟定镇天然橡胶加工业中存在的选址不合理、臭气及废水污染严重等问题,提出严格执行相关规划及准入条件、加强监管、严格执法及强化宣传教育等一系列措施。     

Metal loaded zeolite adsorbents for hydrogen cyanide removal

Metal(Cu,Co,or Zn) loaded ZSM-5 and Y zeolite adsorbents were prepared for the adsorption of hydrogen cyanide(HCN) toxic gas.The results showed that the HCN breakthrough capacity was enhanced significantly when zeolites were loaded with Cu.The physical and chemical properties of the adsorbents that influence the HCN adsorption capacity were analyzed.The maximal HCN breakthrough capacities were about the same for both zeolites at 2.2 mol of HCN/mol of Cu.The Cu2p XPS spectra showed that the possible species present were Cu2O and CuO.The N1s XPS data and FT-IR spectra indicated that CNwould be formed in the presence of Cu+/Cu2+ and oxygen gas,and the reaction product could be adsorbed onto Cu/ZSM-5 zeolite more easily than HCN.     

生态工程组合工艺应用于城市污水处理厂尾水深度处理

针对城市污水处理厂尾水的特点,采用生态氧化池／垂直流人工湿地／自然湿地生态工程组合工艺对其进行深度处理,重点分析了运行效果和去除机理。数据结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,系统出水COD,BOD5,NH3-N和TP平均分别为14．4,3．4,0．84,0．19mg／L,平均去除率均在65％以上,出水水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅳ类标准。     

湘中矿区不同用地类型面源Cd输出负荷的原位实验研究

受污染土壤重金属随降雨径流输出已成为河流、湖泊等水体重金属超标的主要来源之一,近年来日益受到关注.研究表明湘江中下游农田土壤重金属超标问题日益严峻,以镉超标最为严重.研究以湘中矿区Cd超标农业小流域为实验场,选取流域内水稻、旱田、荒草地这3类土地利用模式设置径流小区进行自然降雨水文过程的原位观测.结果表明,雨水pH值由春季到夏季呈升高趋势,径流水相溶解态Cd浓度呈明显的季节性差异,春季显著高于夏季,雨水pH值可显著影响土壤溶解态Cd向径流水相迁移,与径流水相溶解态Cd浓度呈负相关关系.相同降雨条件下,稻田径流水相溶解态Cd浓度显著低于旱田和荒草地,旱田与荒草地Cd面源输出负荷显著高于水稻田,由于降雨量差异,3类土地利用类型溶解态Cd面源输出负荷的季节性规律不明显.本研究可为流域尺度重金属面源输出负荷定量估算以及湘江流域水环境安全与水质预警提供数据支持和科学依据.     

米槠天然林和人工林土壤呼吸的比较研究

采用Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,对福建省三明市格氏栲自然保护区米槠天然林和人工林土壤呼吸进行1 a的定位观测,分析了土壤水热因子及凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,米槠天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率月变化均呈单峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在6月上旬[7.03μmol·(m2·s)-1]和7月下旬[5.12μmol·(m2·s)-1];天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率的年均值分别为3.74μmol·(m2·s)-1和3.05μmol·(m2·s)-1,两者之间有显著差异(P<0.05);土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,分别可以解释天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率月动态变化的80.1%和81.0%;天然林土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关,但人工林两者不具有相关关系;天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率与当月凋落物量和前一个月凋落物量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);指数方程计算的天然林和人工林土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为1.86和2.01,天然林和人工林土壤呼吸年通量值分别为14.34 t·(hm2·a)-1和11.18 t·(hm2·a)-1,天然林转换为人工林后,土壤呼吸年通量下降了22.03%.     

羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料制备及去除水中刚果红研究

采用可溶性磷酸盐、钙离子、二价铁离子、三价铁离子和天然沸石等材料制备了羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石(HAPFe3O4-沸石)复合材料,对该复合材料进行了表征,并考察了该复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附作用.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力.当pH由3增加到4或由7增加到11时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除能力下降;当pH由4增加到7时,对刚果红的吸附能力基本保持不变.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,而对水中刚果红的单位吸附量则随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型加以描述,对刚果红的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir模型确定的最大吸附容量为117 mg·g-1.(pH 7和303 K).HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附是自发吸热并伴随熵增加的过程.当pH为7时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料吸附水中刚果红的主要机制包括表面配位作用、氢键作用以及路易斯酸碱反应.采用热再生的方法可以使吸附刚果红后的HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料得到再生,热再生后的复合材料可以循环使用并且对水中刚果红的吸附性能良好.X射线衍射分析结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料含Fe3O4,磁滞回线结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料具备较高的磁饱和强度,复合材料吸附刚果红后可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地与水溶液分离.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红.